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(No Model.) 17 Sheets-Sheet 1.

F. JENKIN.

DRIVING GEAR. 4 No. 297,407. Patented Apr. 22, 1884.

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DRIVING. GEAR. y No. 297,407. Patented Apr. 22, 1884.

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P. J ENKIN.

DRIVING GEAR. No. 297,407. y Patented Apr. 22. 1.884.

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P. J ENKIN.

DRIVING GEAR. No. 297,407. Patented Apr. 22, 1884.

WITNESS/ES |'NVENTOR %y a I .Fleembj N. Firms. mwumngnvm. Wasmngmn. n4 a(No Model.) 17 Sheets-Sheet 6.

P. JENKIN.

, DRIVING GEAR. N0.`29`7,407. Patented Apr. 22, 1884.`

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F. JENKIN.

DRIVING GEAR.

No. 297,407. Patented Apr. 22, 1884.

' j) A C WITNESSES INVENTOR N. PETERS. Pholmlhographcr. Waxhinglun. D.(L

(No Model.) 17 Sheets-Sheet 8.

- F. JENKIN.

DRIVING GEAR. No. 297,407. `Patented Apr. 22, 1884.

WITNESSES INVENTOR l n Flea/nz) JMW/vzbv www "y By 2v2/'S .Attorney/6(No Model.) 17 Sheets-Sheet 9.

P. JENKIN.

DRIVING GEAR.

No. 297,407. Patented Apr. 22, 1884.

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(No Model.)

17 sheets-sheet 10.

F. JBNKIN. DRIVING GEAR.

Patented Apr. 22, 1884. 1329,10.

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F. JENKIN.

DRIVING GEAR.

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Patented Apr. 22, 1884.

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DRIVING GEAR.

No. 297,407. Patented Apr. 22, 1884.

N. PETERS, Phllilhagraphen Washingln. D. C-

(No Model.) l 17 SheetsV-S'heet 13.

P. JENKIN.

DRIVING GEAR. NO. 297,407. Patented Apr. 22, 1884.-

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P. J ENKIN.

DRIVING GEAR. No. 297,407. Patented Apr. 22, 1884.

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DRIVING GEAR. No. 297,407. Patented Apr. 22, 1884.

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DRIVING GEAR. l No.. 297,407. y Patented Apr. 22, 1884.

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F. JENKIN.

DRIVING GEAR.

No. 297,407. Patented Apr. 22, 1884.-

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titten Fri-iras .Farrar @triest FLFEMING JENKIN, OF EDINBURGH, SCOTLAND.

DRWENGDGEAR.

SPECIFICATION forming part of Letters Patent No. 297,@7, dated April 22,188%.,

Application filed July 12, 1883.

(No model.) Patented in England April 14, 1883, Ne.1,913; in France May21, 1883, l\'o155,568; in

Austiia August 1G, 1383, No. 20,212, and in Belgnm December' 10, 1883,No. 614:6.

fo aZZ whom may concern.:

Be it known that 1, FLEEMING JENKIN, a subject ot' the Queen of GreatBritain, residing at 3 Great Stuart Street, Edinburgh, Scotland, haveinvented certain new and useful Improvements in Driving-Gear, (for whichI have received Letters Patent in Great Britain, No. 1,913, dated April14, 1883; in France, No. 155,558, dated May 211883; in Austria, No.20,212, dated August 16, 1883, and in Belgium, No. 63,48,datedDecem-berlO, 1883,) of which the following is a specification.

My invention has tor its object the diminution ol" the loss by frictionin transmitting power by gearing, and in many cases subsidiaryadvantages would followits adoption. iVhen toothed wheels are employed,unnecessary friction takes place, chieliy at the surfaces ofthe teeth.Noise and liability 'ot' breakage are further disadvantages of toothedgearing. W'hen belting is employed,unnecessary friction takes place,chietly at the bearings. There is also a loss 'from the bending ol" thebelts, and there is a diiiiculty in regulating their tension. 'Vhen whatis sometimes called frictional gearing77 is used, such Ythat thetransmission of power depends on the friction between two solid wheels,usually grooved still more unnec'- essary friction is caused at thebearings, and the conical grooves usually employed cause a loss bygrinding at their surfaces. None of these detects are 'found innestgearing. My invention applies only to gearing consisting of circularwheels or circular wheels and racks, which racks may, however, beiiexible. It does not apply to toothed wheels or to frietional gearingthe pitch-suriaces of which are elliptical orspiral or othernon-circular forms. In all the varieties hereinafter described theimprovementis obtained by the application of one common system-namely,the reduplication of parts so arranged that the pressure required toproduce adhesion by friction shall not cause pressure to be put on thebearings. I have given the name ot' nestgearing to gearing made inaccordance with my invention.

I will proceed to describe a number of varieties ot' nest-gearing, alldesigned in' accordance with my systein,and shown in the accompanyingdrawings, in which- Figure 1 is a plan view, partly in section, and Fig.1L a view partly in elevation and partly in section, showing one form ofnestgearing. Fig. 2 is a plan, and Fig. 2 a View partly in elevation andpartly :in section, of a modiiication. Fig. 3 is a view partly inelevation and partly in section of another modiiication. Fig. L.t is aplan view, partly in section, and Fig. 4 a view partly in elevation andpartly in section, of another.modification. Fig. 5 is a plan view,partly in section, and Fig. 5taview partly in elevation and partly insection, of another modification. a plan view, partly in section, andFig. 6 a view partly in side elevation and partly in section, of anothermodification. Fig. 7 is a plan and Fig. 7 a view partly in elevation andpartly in section, of another inodiiication. Fig. Sis a plan view,partly in section, and Fig. 8 a view partly in elevation and partly insectipn, of another modification. Fig. 9 is a plan view, partly insection, and Fig. 9 a view partly in elevation and partly in section, ofa modified forni of gearing. Fig. 10 is a plan, and Fig. 10 a viewpartly in elevation and partly in section ot' another modification. Fig.11 is a view partly in elevation and partly in section of anothermodification, Fig. 12, a similar view of another n1odiiication; Fig. 13,a similar view of another inodiiication. Fig. 14 is a view in elevationof another modification; Fig. 15, a similar view of anothermodification. Fig. 16 is a view partly in elevation and partly insection of another modification; Fig. 17, a like View of anotherniodilication; Fig. 17a, alike view of another modification; Fig. 18, alike view of another modification; Fig. 19, a like View of anothermodification. Fig. 20 is a plan, and Fig. 20u a view partly in elevationand partly in section, of another modification. Fig. 21 is a plan viewof another modification. Fig. 22 is aview partly inside elevation andpartly in section of another modifica tion; and Fig. 23 shows acompressible coiled steel roller.

Firstz In order to multiply or reduce the angular-velocity.ratio to suchmoderate eX- Fig. 6 1s tent as would, with toothed wheels, be effectedby a spur-wheel and pinion, I employ, Fig. 1, a smooth roller, A, ofsmall size, working between two smooth cylindrical rollers, B and G.These three rollers are pressed together by the internal surface of aring on a fourth wheel, D, and the three wheels inclosed by this ringform what I call a nest.7 The rollers are kept by suitable bearings(easily seen in the drawings Figs. l and F) so that their centers lie onthe line F H, being one diameter of D; but the spindles of B and C runin bushes such as shown at b. These bushes are absolutelyfree to move inthe line F H. I also arrange so that the spindles (l of D and a of Ashall have so much play relatively to one another that no force employedto press A, B, C, and D together can bring any pressure on any bearing.A very slight' relative motion is all that is required, and lesselaborate methods of giving the freedom may be employed than thatrepresented. The mere play in a bush may be sufficient; but it .must beclearly understood that to take full advantage of my invention the a-Xisof only one shaft can be fixedin position. The other must be free tomove relatively to this shaft in the manner described. The surfacevelocities of the outside of A and the inside of D are the same, andtheir angular-velocity ratio is the inverse ratio of the radii of thesetwo surfaces. The smaller roller A may be outside B and C, as shown inFig. 2, and is then pressed directly against the inside of D. Therollers A, B, and C may be equal or unequal. If they are unequal, weshall have four different angular-velocities all inversely proportionalto the several radii. In this as in the previous arrangement, thebearings allow absolute freedom to the centers A, B, and C to adjustthemselves on the line F H relatively to that of D; or, what would cometo the same 1 thing, absolute freedom is given to three of the centersto adjust themselves relatively to the fourth. In consequence of thisfreedom the normal pressure by D on the inner rollers and the reciprocalnormal pressure by the inner rollers on D and the normal pressurebetween the inner rollers themselves cause no pressure on any bearing.This normal pressure may therefore be of any desired or necessary amountto secure adhesion without causing any injurious friction. The rollersorrings must be so strong as not to be sensibly deformed by the pressure.

The reduplication of parts spoken of above is seen from the followingconsideration: In Fig. l, D is driven both by B and C, in Fig. 2, D isdriven both by A and C.

The necessary tightening may be effected in three ways.

First, by initial adjustment. This may depend on accurate turning whenall the rollers are sensibly rigid; otherwise one or more of the rollersmay be made somewhat elastic, as by giving an india`-rubber tread to therollers, or by forming one or more of these out of a surfaces.

stout coil or helix of steel capable of compression as to diameter byelongation of the coil in the direction of the axis. This compression asto diameter is compatible with the retention of a truly cylindricalform. Vhen these modes of tighteningare employed, the cylindricalsurfaces of A, B, C, and D will all be such as are generated by astraight line revolving parallel to the axis of each roller. Figs. 2, 3show one mode of carrying out this method. The spring is fast at one endto the shaft and in a slot at the other end.

Second, by the end movement of one rollersuch as A--made slightly taperfor this purpose. Thesimplestform of this mode of tightening is shown inFig. l, which is a sectional elevation of the gear shown in plan in Fig.l. In this case a small projection, m and a, is formed on B and C. Acorresponding hollow is then formed in the ring of D, so that thestraight lines on B an d C may bear against a straight line in D. Theselilies will in practice be narrow,flat

The endpressure is shown as produced by a spring, S, on the shaft a. Theroller A slides ona feather. The end-press ure is taken by the collar Tand the end plates, r s; but these are details which may be much varied.In Fig. 2-'the sectional elevation of Fig. 2-I have'shown A and Cslightly bulged. so as to clear the cone B. No recess is then rcquiredin D. In this drawing I have also shown a handle, H, by which the springS might be tightened, so as to vary the pressure while the gear was inmotion. This gives one form* of friction-clutch. The rollers in thisvariety bear only on points. The end-pressure is taken in a manneranalogous to that of Fig. l. In Fig. 3 the rollers A and D are bulgedand the tightening is effected by pressing together two cones, B and B2,by the nut N and the spring S. In this figure C and Cl are shownsimilarly adjustable; but this is not necessary. No end-pressure isproduced by tightening in this arrangement, in which, how-l ever, thebearingsurfaces are still only points.

A third mode of tighteningis given by jamming one of the three rollersbetween two others by a sidewise movement. A simple form of thisarrangement is shown in Fig. 4.

The centers of A,B, and C are not in one straight line, and the handleH, with the spring S, j ams the roller A between B and C. This jammingaction causes an injurious pressure on the bearings of A, B, and Cperpendicular to the line F H; but if the center of A is very nearlyonthe line F H, this injurious pressure may be Very small, and we have theadvantage that the rollers bear on lines, not points. Figs. 5 and 5 showthe same arrangement when A is next D. By a still further reduplicationa pair of rollers, -3 B2, Figs. 6 and 6, maybe substituted for thesingle roller B. The three centers of C, B', and BAZ lthen form atriangle, and Aruns between these three rollers. By placing A more orless-eccentrically, the tightening of the rollers can be effected byvarying the shape of the triangle of the centers of C, B, and B2.

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To effect this we simply have to move one of the three rollers, as B',so as to wedge it between A and D, by forcing it into a narrower part ofthe space between these rollers. In this as in all other cases theposition of only one axis is absolutely xed. A may have a hollow axis,and the axis of D may pass quite through it. An obvious but convenientmodification of this arrangement is shown in Fig. 7 where A, as in Fig.2, bears directly against D. vC is shown as the hollow-spindle, and thetightening is effected by forcing B and Bt apart. In these arrangementsthe bearings of one, or indeed of two, parts may be dispensed with.Thus, in Figs. 7 and 7, if A, B,"and B2 are carried by a frame, theroller C may be a floating ring carried by shoulders, as shown. Theouter ring, D, might also be similarly carried. This mode of tighteningby lateral movement is especially convenient, as allowing a bearingalong a line with no coning, no special fitting, the fewest possiblenumber of bearings, and the simplest possible mode of tightening orslackening the gear, for it is obvious that if B were simply a handle weshould have here a friction-clutch. With this eccentric tightening?7 asit may be called, it is possible to adopt the corrugated surface of whathas often been called frictional gearing-that is to say, the cylindricalsurface may consist of one or more V-grooves and projections so placedthat the projection is jammed in the V by the lateral pressure. Ananalogous arrangementis shown in Figs. 8 and S, the special point inthis figure being the overlapping of B and B2.

The arrangements so far described are varieties of the rst form ofnest-gearing, which may be substituted for a simple pinion andspur-wheel. I give the name of simple concentric nest-gearing77 to thisarrangement, (the name is derived from the simplest form, as shown inFig. 1,) but the name is applicable to all the varieties, even though notwo of the rollers may be concentric.

Then it is desired still further to multiply or reduce theangular-velocity ratio, I employ a second form, which I will callmultiple concentric nest-gearing,77 a simple form of which is showninFigs. 9 and 9". I employ,

as before, a small cylindrical roller, A, now' placed between tworollers, D and C, and bearing against these where they areofcomparatively large diameter'. These wheels have smaller concentriccylindrical surfaces b Zf" and c ci, which bear against the innersurface of' the ring D. In this arrangement the surface velocity of Drelatively to that of A is diminished in the ratio of the diameter of' Bto b or of C to c', which ratio should be the same in the two rollers.Calling this ratio in, and calling a the ratio of the diameter of D tothat of A, the angular' velocity of A will be m n times that of D.

The arrangements as to centers are analogous to those described for thefirst form, and it is desirable that, as shown, the smaller cyany oftheshafts I), c, or d.

lindrical surfaces of B and C should be divided into two parts, one oneach side of' the surface of larger diameter. This larger portion thenrevolves inside a groove or cage connecting the two parts ofthe ring D.This arrangement lzeeps the resultants of all the pressures in oneplane. The two parts of D and D2 need not be connected. One of the twoparts might be floating and carried by grooves, and prevented fromtripping by any suitable means. In Figs. l() and 10 one such plan isshown. .D is the floating ring. The means for tightening are analogousto those in the first form. Fig. 9 shows the employment of the cone orend movement. Fig. l0 shows the eccentric tightening or lateralmovement.

The third variety of nest-gearing, which I will now describe, is one bywhich the direction of the axis of rotation can be changed, as well asthe angular-velocity ratio. Fig. ll shows the means of changing thedirection of the axis ninety degrees, as by bevel-gearing.

Two cylindrical rollers, D and C, are pinched `B and C might be slightlybulged and the inner surfaces of D and D slightly coned, instead ot'being flat. Then, by pressing the shaft d down on D and C, the pinchingmight be effected. A sidewisc pressure on one of t-he two rollers B andC might also be employed to jam these between D and D2. The surfacevelocity of D and D2 is at the point of bearing the same as that of thesurface of D and C, and .the angular-velocity ratio is inverselyproportional to the radii. To avoid grinding action, the surfaces of D'land D2 should touch those of B and C only at a point or very smallsurface. secured by slightly rounding the surfaces of D and D2, as shownin Fig. Il; or these surfaces might be flat and B and C slightlyrounded. The surfaces of D D2 might be beveled to fit part ofsimilarly-beveled surfaces of B and C, these rollers being divided intobeveled and simple rings, as in Fig. 17 and 17, This, however, willintroduce some end-pressure; but it has the advantage of making thepinching contact on a line instead of on a point. The tworollers I3 andG need not be of the same diameter. The centers of B and C are free toapproach. In Fig. 1l the bearing of G is shown as a bush working in aslot. No pressure applied by SA puts any pressure on Any ofthe shaftsmay obviously be the driver, and any other the follower. I calll thisarrangement rightangle nest-gearing. 7 It may, however, be used forparallel driving, as when b is the drivingshaft and c the driven shaft.The portion D IOO I'IO

This is easily IZO

